Hayes Families That Were From William Jefferson Hayes, Spartanburg Co., Sc

Thomas Jefferson was a Founding Male parent of the United States who wrote the Annunciation of Independence. As U.Southward. president, he completed the Louisiana Purchase.

Who Was Thomas Jefferson?

Thomas Jefferson was the main draftsman of the U.S. Declaration of Independence, the nation'southward first secretary of country and the second vice president (under John Adams). As the third president of the United States, Jefferson stabilized the U.S. economy and defeated pirates from N Africa during the Barbary War. He was responsible for doubling the size of the United States by successfully brokering the Louisiana Purchase. He also founded the University of Virginia.

Early Life

Jefferson was born on April 13, 1743, at the Shadwell plantation located just outside of Charlottesville, Virginia. Jefferson was born into one of the most prominent families of Virginia'south planter elite. His female parent, Jane Randolph Jefferson, was a fellow member of the proud Randolph clan, a family challenge descent from English and Scottish royalty.

His begetter, Peter Jefferson, was a successful farmer equally well as a skilled surveyor and cartographer who produced the offset authentic map of the Province of Virginia. The immature Jefferson was the third born of ten siblings.

As a male child, Jefferson's favorite pastimes were playing in the wood, practicing the violin and reading. He began his formal instruction at the age of 9, studying Latin and Greek at a local individual school run by the Reverend William Douglas.

In 1757, at the age of 14, he took upward further written report of the classical languages besides every bit literature and mathematics with the Reverend James Maury, whom Jefferson later described as "a right classical scholar."

Higher of William and Mary

In 1760, having learned all he could from Maury, Jefferson left home to attend the Higher of William and Mary in Williamsburg, Virginia'southward capital.

Although it was the 2d oldest college in America (afterwards Harvard), William and Mary was non at that fourth dimension an especially rigorous academic institution. Jefferson was dismayed to discover that his classmates expended their energies betting on horse races, playing cards and courting women rather than studying.

Nevertheless, the serious and precocious Jefferson fell in with a circumvolve of older scholars that included Professor William Small, Lieutenant Governor Francis Fauquier and lawyer George Wythe, and it was from them that he received his truthful education.

Condign a Lawyer

Later on three years at William and Mary, Jefferson decided to read police force nether Wythe, ane of the preeminent lawyers of the American colonies. There were no law schools at this time; instead aspiring attorneys "read law" under the supervision of an established lawyer before being examined by the bar.

Wythe guided Jefferson through an extraordinarily rigorous five-year form of study (more than than double the typical duration); by the time Jefferson won admission to the Virginia bar in 1767, he was already one of the nigh learned lawyers in America.

Monticello

In 1770, Jefferson began construction of what was mayhap his greatest labor of love: Monticello, his house atop a small ascent in the Piedmont region of Virginia. The house was built on state his father had owned since 1735.

In keeping with the interests of one of America's greatest "Renaissance Men" — Jefferson'due south interests ranged from botany and archeology to music and birdwatching — Jefferson himself drafted the blueprints for Monticello's neoclassical mansion, outbuildings and gardens.

More than than just a residence, Monticello was also a working plantation, where Jefferson kept roughly 130 African Americans in slavery. Their duties included tending gardens and livestock, plowing fields and working at the on-site material factory.

Thomas Jefferson's Children

From 1767 to 1774, Jefferson proficient constabulary in Virginia with swell success, trying many cases and winning near of them. During these years, he also met and brutal in love with Martha Wayles Skelton, a recent widow and ane of the wealthiest women in Virginia.

The pair married on January i, 1772. Thomas and Martha Jefferson had six children together, but simply 2 survived into adulthood: Martha, their firstborn, and Mary, their fourth. Only Martha survived her father.

His six children with Martha, however, were not the only children Jefferson fathered.

Emerge Hemings

History scholars and a significant body of DNA show indicate that Jefferson had an matter – and at least 1 kid – with 1 of his enslaved people, a woman named Sally Hemings, who was in fact Martha Jefferson's half-sister.

Sally'southward mother, Betty Hemings, was an enslaved owned by Jefferson'southward father-in-law, John Wayles, who was the male parent of Betty's girl Sally. It is overwhelmingly likely, if not absolutely certain, that Jefferson fathered all six of Emerge Hemings' children.

Most compelling is DNA evidence showing that some male member of the Jefferson family unit fathered Hemings' children, and that information technology was not Samuel or Peter Carr, the only two of Jefferson's male person relatives in the vicinity at the relevant times.

Political Career

The beginning of Jefferson's professional life coincided with neat changes in Bang-up Great britain's thirteen colonies in America.

The decision of the French and Indian War in 1763 left Great Great britain in dire financial straits; to raise acquirement, the Crown levied a host of new taxes on its American colonies. In particular, the Stamp Act of 1765, imposing a tax on printed and paper goods, outraged the colonists, giving rise to the American revolutionary slogan, "No taxation without representation."

Eight years later, on Dec sixteen, 1773, colonists protesting a British tea tax dumped 342 chests of tea into the Boston Harbor in what is known as the Boston Tea Party. In Apr 1775, American militiamen clashed with British soldiers at the Battles of Lexington and Concord, the first battles in what developed into the Revolutionary State of war.

Jefferson was one of the primeval and nearly fervent supporters of the cause of American independence from Great Great britain. He was elected to the Virginia Firm of Burgesses in 1768 and joined its radical bloc, led by Patrick Henry and George Washington.

In 1774, Jefferson penned his starting time major political work, A Summary View of the Rights of British America, which established his reputation as one of the most eloquent advocates of the American cause.

A year later, in 1775, Jefferson attended the Second Continental Congress, which created the Continental Army and appointed Jefferson'due south young man Virginian, George Washington, as its commander-in-chief. However, the Congress' most significant work roughshod to Jefferson himself.

Declaration of Independence

In June 1776, the Congress appointed a five-man committee (Jefferson, John Adams, Benjamin Franklin, Roger Sherman and Robert Livingston) to draft a Declaration of Independence.

The committee then chose Jefferson to author the declaration'southward offset draft, selecting him for what Adams called his "happy talent for composition and atypical felicity of expression." Over the next 17 days, Jefferson drafted i of the about beautiful and powerful testaments to liberty and equality in world history.

The document opened with a preamble stating the natural rights of all homo beings and so connected on to enumerate specific grievances against King George 3 that absolved the American colonies of any fidelity to the British Crown.

Although the version of the Declaration of Independence adopted on July 4, 1776, had undergone a series of revisions from Jefferson's original draft, its immortal words remain substantially his ain: "We hold these truths to be cocky-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed past their Creator with sure unalienable Rights; that amid these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness."

After authoring the Declaration of Independence, Jefferson returned to Virginia, where, from 1776 to 1779, he served as a member of the Virginia House of Delegates. There he sought to revise Virginia's laws to fit the American ideals he had outlined in the Proclamation of Independence.

Jefferson successfully abolished the doctrine of entail, which dictated that only a belongings owner's heirs could inherit his state, and the doctrine of primogeniture, which required that in the absence of a will a property owner'southward oldest son inherited his entire estate.

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Separation of Church building and Land

In 1777, Jefferson wrote the Virginia Statute for Religious Liberty, which established freedom of faith and the separation of church and state.

Although the document was not adopted as Virginia land law for another ix years, it was one of Jefferson's proudest life accomplishments.

Governor of Virginia

On June 1, 1779, the Virginia legislature elected Jefferson as the land's 2nd governor. His two years every bit governor proved the depression point of Jefferson's political career. Torn betwixt the Continental Army'south drastic pleas for more men and supplies and Virginians' strong desire to go along such resource for their ain defence force, Jefferson waffled and pleased no one.

As the Revolutionary War progressed into the South, Jefferson moved the capital from Williamsburg to Richmond, but to be forced to evacuate that metropolis when it, rather than Williamsburg, turned out to exist the target of British assail.

On June 1, 1781, the day before the end of his 2d term equally governor, Jefferson was forced to flee his abode at Monticello (located near Charlottesville, Virginia), just narrowly escaping capture by the British cavalry. Although he had no choice simply to flee, his political enemies later pointed to this inglorious incident every bit evidence of cowardice.

Jefferson declined to seek a tertiary term as governor and stepped downwards on June 4, 1781. Claiming that he was giving up public life for good, he returned to Monticello, where he intended to live out the rest of his days as a admirer farmer surrounded past the domestic pleasures of his family, his farm and his books.

Notes on the Land of Virginia

To make full his time at home, in late 1781, Jefferson began working on his only full-length book, the modestly titled Notes on the State of Virginia.

While the volume's ostensible purpose was to outline the history, culture and geography of Virginia, it also provides a window into Jefferson's political philosophy and worldview.

Contained in Notes on the State of Virginia is Jefferson's vision of the skillful society he hoped America would become: a virtuous agricultural republic, based on the values of liberty, honesty and simplicity and centered on the self-sufficient yeoman farmer.

Jefferson's Enslaved People

Jefferson'south writings also shed calorie-free on his contradictory, controversial and much-debated views on race and slavery. Jefferson owned enslaved people through his unabridged life, and his very existence as a admirer farmer depended on the institution of slavery.

Like most white Americans of that time, Jefferson held views we would at present describe as nakedly racist: He believed that Blackness people were innately inferior to white people in terms of both mental and concrete capacity.

Nevertheless, he claimed to abhor slavery as a violation of the natural rights of human being. He saw the eventual solution of America'south race problem as the abolitionism of slavery followed by the exile of formerly enslaved people to either Africa or Haiti, because, he believed, formerly enslaved could not alive peacefully alongside their former masters.

As Jefferson wrote, "We accept the wolf by the ears, and we tin neither concord him nor safely allow him go. Justice is in i scale, and self-preservation in the other."

Government minister to France

Jefferson was spurred back into public life past private tragedy: the untimely death of his beloved wife, Martha, on September 6, 1782, at the age of 34.

After months of mourning, in June 1783, Jefferson returned to Philadelphia to lead the Virginia delegation to the Confederation Congress. In 1785, that body appointed Jefferson to replace Benjamin Franklin as U.S. minister to French republic.

Although Jefferson appreciated much near European civilization — its arts, architecture, literature, food and wines — he found the juxtaposition of the aristocracy's grandeur and the masses' poverty repellant. "I observe the general fate of humanity hither, most deplorable," he wrote in one letter.

In Europe, Jefferson rekindled his friendship with John Adams, who served every bit minister to United kingdom, and Adams' wife, Abigail Adams. The educated and brainy Abigail, with whom Jefferson maintained a lengthy correspondence on a wide variety of subjects, was perhaps the only woman he e'er treated as an intellectual equal.

Jefferson'due south official duties as government minister consisted primarily of negotiating loans and merchandise agreements with private citizens and authorities officials in Paris and Amsterdam.

Afterwards almost five years in Paris, Jefferson returned to America at the end of 1789 with a much greater appreciation for his dwelling house land. As he wrote to his good friend, James Monroe, "My God! How little do my countrymen know what precious blessings they are in possession of, and which no other people on earth savor."

Secretary of State

Jefferson arrived in Virginia in Nov 1789 to find George Washington waiting for him with news that Washington had been elected the first president of the The states of America, and that he was appointing Jefferson as his secretarial assistant of land.

Besides Jefferson, Washington'southward nearly trusted advisor was Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton. A dozen years younger than Jefferson, Hamilton was a New Yorker and war hero who, different Jefferson and Washington, had risen from humble ancestry.

Jefferson's Party

Rancorous partisan battles emerged to divide the new American regime during Washington's presidency.

On one side, the Federalists, led by Hamilton, advocated for a potent national regime, broad estimation of the U.S. Constitution and neutrality in European affairs.

On the other side, the Republican political party, led past Jefferson, promoted the supremacy of country governments, a strict constructionist interpretation of the Constitution and support for the French Revolution.

Washington'southward two nearly trusted advisors thus provided nearly opposite communication on the most pressing issues of the 24-hour interval: the creation of a national bank, the date of federal judges and the official posture toward France.

On January 5, 1794, frustrated by the endless conflicts, Jefferson resigned equally secretary of land, once again abandoning politics in favor of his family unit and subcontract at his dear Monticello.

Jefferson as Vice President

In 1797, despite Jefferson'due south public ambivalence and previous claims that he was through with politics, the Republicans selected Jefferson as their candidate to succeed George Washington every bit president.

In those days, candidates did non campaign for office openly, so Jefferson did lilliputian more than remain at home on the style to finishing a close second to then-Vice President John Adams in the balloter college, which, by the rules of the time, made Jefferson the new vice president.

Too presiding over the U.S. Senate, the vice president had essentially no noun office in government. The long friendship between Adams and Jefferson had cooled due to political differences (Adams was a Federalist), and Adams did not consult his vice president on whatsoever important decisions.

To occupy his time during his four years as vice president, Jefferson authored A Transmission of Parliamentary Practice, ane of the most useful guides to legislative proceedings ever written, and served as the president of the American Philosophical Society.

Presidency

John Adams' presidency revealed deep fissures in the Federalist Party between moderates such as Adams and Washington and more extreme Federalists like Alexander Hamilton.

In the presidential ballot of 1800, the Federalists refused to dorsum Adams, immigration the way for the Republican candidates Jefferson and Aaron Burr to tie for beginning identify with 73 electoral votes each. After a long and contentious debate, the House of Representatives selected Jefferson to serve as the third U.S. president, with Burr as his vice president.

The ballot of Jefferson in 1800 was a landmark of globe history, the first peacetime transfer of power from ane party to another in a modern republic.

Delivering his inaugural accost on March 4, 1801, Jefferson spoke to the fundamental commonalities uniting all Americans despite their partisan differences. "Every difference of stance is not a difference of principle," he stated. "We have called by different names brethren of the aforementioned principle. We are all Republicans, nosotros are all Federalists."

Accomplishments

President Jefferson's accomplishments during his first term in function were numerous, remarkably successful and productive.

In keeping with his Republican values, Jefferson stripped the presidency of all the trappings of European royalty, reduced the size of the armed forces and authorities bureaucracy and lowered the national debt from $lxxx 1000000 to $57 million in his start two years in office.

Nevertheless, Jefferson's most of import achievements as president all involved assuming assertions of national government power and surprisingly liberal readings of the U.S. Constitution.

Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson's nearly significant achievement as president was the Louisiana Buy. In 1803, he caused state stretching from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from cash-strapped Napoleonic French republic for the deal price of $15 million, thereby doubling the size of the nation in a single stroke.

He then devised the wonderfully informative Lewis and Clark Expedition to explore, map out and written report back on the new American territories.

Tripoli Pirates

Jefferson besides put an end to the centuries-old trouble of Tripoli pirates from North Africa disrupting American shipping in the Mediterranean. During the Barbary War, Jefferson forced the pirates to capitulate by deploying new American warships.

Notably, both the Louisiana Buy and the undeclared war against the Barbary pirates conflicted with Jefferson's much-avowed Republican values. Both actions represented unprecedented expansions of national authorities power, and neither was explicitly sanctioned by the Constitution.

2nd Term as President

Although Jefferson easily won re-election in 1804, his 2d term in role proved much more than difficult and less productive than his outset. He largely failed in his efforts to impeach the many Federalist judges swept into government by the Judiciary Act of 1801.

Nevertheless, the greatest challenges of Jefferson'south second term were posed by the war betwixt Napoleonic France and Bang-up United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland. Both Britain and France attempted to prevent American commerce with the other power by harassing American shipping, and Uk in item sought to impress American sailors into the British Navy.

In response, Jefferson passed the Embargo Act of 1807, suspending all merchandise with Europe. The move wrecked the American economy as exports crashed from $108 million to $22 million by the fourth dimension he left office in 1809. The embargo likewise led to the War of 1812 with Britain after Jefferson left office.

Mail service Presidency

On March 4, 1809, after watching the inauguration of his shut friend and successor James Madison, Jefferson returned to Virginia to live out the rest of his days as "The Sage of Monticello."

Jefferson'southward principal pastime was endlessly rebuilding, remodeling and improving his abode and estate, at considerable expense.

A Frenchman, Marquis de Chastellux, quipped, "it may be said that Mr. Jefferson is the first American who has consulted the Fine Arts to know how he should shelter himself from the weather."

Academy of Virginia

Jefferson also dedicated his subsequently years to organizing the University of Virginia, the nation'due south first secular academy. He personally designed the campus, envisioned equally an "academical hamlet," and hand-selected renowned European scholars to serve as its professors.

The University of Virginia opened its doors on March 7, 1825, one of the proudest days of Jefferson's life.

Jefferson also kept upwardly an outpouring of correspondence at the end of his life. In particular, he rekindled a lively correspondence on politics, philosophy and literature with John Adams that stands out among the most extraordinary exchanges of letters in history.

Notwithstanding, Jefferson's retirement was marred by financial woes. To pay off the substantial debts he incurred over decades of living beyond his means, Jefferson resorted to selling his cherished personal library to the national government to serve every bit the foundation of the Library of Congress.

Decease

Jefferson died on July iv, 1826 — the 50th anniversary of the Declaration of Independence — only a few hours before John Adams passed away in Massachusetts.

In the moments before he passed, Adams spoke his last words, eternally true if not in the literal sense in which he meant them, "Thomas Jefferson survives."

Legacy

As the author of the Annunciation of Independence, the foundational text of American republic and one of the most important documents in world history, Jefferson will be forever revered as 1 of the bully American Founding Fathers. However, Jefferson was also a man of many contradictions.

Jefferson was the spokesman of liberty and a racist enslaved people owner, a champion of the mutual people and a man with luxurious and aristocratic tastes, a believer in limited government and a president who expanded governmental authorisation across the wildest visions of his predecessors, a quiet homo who abhorred politics and arguably the almost dominant political effigy of his generation.

The tensions between Jefferson'southward principles and practices make him all the more apt a symbol for the nation he helped create, a nation whose shining ethics have always been complicated by a circuitous history.

Jefferson is buried in the family cemetery at his beloved Monticello, in a grave marked by a apparently gray tombstone. The brief inscription it bears, written by Jefferson himself, is equally noteworthy for what it excludes equally what it includes.

The inscription suggests Jefferson's humility likewise as his conventionalities that his greatest gifts to posterity came in the realm of ideas rather than the realm of politics: "Hither was cached Thomas Jefferson, author of the Declaration of American Independence of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, and father of the Academy Of Virginia."

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Source: https://www.biography.com/us-president/thomas-jefferson